The dual system of the Celtiberian script from the Iberian perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.427Abstract
In this paper I review some apparent contradictions between Iberian and Celtiberian epigraphic practices, like the confusion between some variants of the ta and the bo signs in Cortono's bronze, the distinction of simple and complex variants of the ke sign in Luzaga's bronze, and the role of the m sign at the origin of the eastern Celtiberian script. Although the falera from Armuña, an eastern dual inscription from the third century BC, has clarified many aspects regarding the origin of the Celtiberian dual system, some doubts remain. This work also defends the double Iberian origin of the two variants of Celtiberian writing and the non-intervention of Latin writing in the origin of redundant Celtiberian writing, since it is almost completely dual and western.
References
Alfaro et al. 2021 e.p.: E. Alfaro, J. Ferrer i Jané y J. Gómez-Pantoja, “El bronce celtibérico de El Castillo de Rabanera (Ventosa, San Pedro Manrique, Soria)”, Veleia 38, 2021, 111-139.
Beltrán et al. 2009: F. Beltrán, C. Jordán e I. Simón, “Revisión y balance del ‘corpus’ de téseras celtibéricas”, PalHisp 9, 2009, 625-668.
Beltrán y Jordán 2016: F. Beltrán y C. Jordán, Celtibérico. Lengua. Escritura. Epigrafía. AELAW Booklet 1, Zaragoza 2016.
Burriel et al. 2011: J. Mª Burriel, C. Mata, J. Ferrer i Jané, A.L. Ruiz, J. Velaza, Mª A. Peiró, C. Roldán, S. Murcia y A. Doménech, “El plomo escrito del Tos Pelat (Moncada, Valencia)”, PalHisp 11, 2011, 191-224.
Campmajó y Ferrer i Jané 2010: P. Campmajó y J. Ferrer i Jané, “Le nouveau corpus d’inscriptions ibériques rupestres de la Cerdagne (1): premiers résultats”. PalHisp 10, 2010, 249-274.
Correa 1992: J. A. Correa, “Representación gráfica de la oposición de sonoridad en las oclusivas ibéricas (semisilabario levantino)”, AION 14, 1992, 253-292.
Correa 1999: J. A. Correa, “Las nasales en ibérico”, en: F. Villar y F. Beltrán (eds.), Pueblos, Lenguas y Escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana. Actas del VII Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de marzo de 1997), Salamanca 1999, 375-396.
Correa 2009: J. A. Correa, “Identidad, cultura y territorio en la Andalucía prerromana a través de la lengua y la epigrafía”, en: F. Wulff y M. Álvarez (eds.), Identidades, culturas y territorios en la Andalucía prerromana, Málaga 2009, 273-295.
DCPH: M. P. García-Bellido y C. Blázquez, Diccionario de cecas y pueblos hispánicos, Madrid 2001.
Eska 2017: J. Eska, “The significance of ŚDAM and related matters”, International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 14, 2017, 51-75.
Ferrer i Jané 2005: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Novetats sobre el Sistema Dual de Diferenciació Gràfica de les Oclusives Sordes i Sonores”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 957-982.
Ferrer i Jané 2009: J. Ferrer i Jané, “El sistema de numerales ibérico: avances en su conocimiento”, PalHisp 9, 2009, 451-479.
Ferrer i Jané 2010a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “El sistema dual de l'escriptura ibèrica sud-oriental”, Veleia 27, 69-113.
Ferrer i Jané 2010b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “La llengua i l’escriptura ibèrica a la Cerdanya”, Ker 4, 2010, 50-59.
Ferrer i Jané 2013: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Els sistemes duals de les escriptures ibèriques”, PalHisp 13, 2013, 445-459.
Ferrer i Jané 2014: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Ibèric kutu i els abecedaris ibèrics”, Veleia 30, 2014, 227-259.
Ferrer i Jané 2015a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Las dualidades secundarias de la escritura ibérica nororiental”, Estudios de Lenguas y Epigrafía Antiguas-E.L.E.A.14, 2015, 309-364.
Ferrer i Jané 2015b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “L’escriptura ibèrica a la Cerdanya: els abecedaris rupestres”, ERA Revista cerdana de Recerca 1, 2005, 37-48.
Ferrer i Jané 2015c: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Le nouveau corpus d’inscriptions ibériques rupestres de la Cerdagne (2): Deuxième parution”, Sources: Les Cahiers de l’Âne Rouge 3, 2015,7-22.
Ferrer i Jané 2016: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Una aproximació quantitativa a l’anàlisi de l’escriptura del sud-oest”, PalHisp 16, 2016, 39-79.
Ferrer i Jané 2017a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “El origen dual de las escrituras paleohispánicas: un nuevo modelo genealógico”, PalHisp 17, 2017, 55-94.
Ferrer i Jané 2017b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Le nouveau corpus d’inscriptions ibériques rupestres de la Cerdagne (3): Cinq inscriptions inédites”, Sources: Les Cahiers de l’Âne Rouge 5, 2017, 7-21.
Ferrer i Jané 2017c: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Dos vasos caliciformes amb inscripció ibèrica ante cocturam del museu de Figuerola del Camp i el seu espectacular conjunt de falsos2, Sagvntvm 49, 2017, 85-101.
Ferrer i Jané 2018a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “A la recerca dels teònims ibèrics. A propòsit d’una nova lectura d’una inscripció ibèrica rupestre d’Oceja (Cerdanya)”, en: J. Mª Vallejo, I. Igartua y C. García (coord.), Studia Philologica et Diachronica in Honorem Joaquin Gorrochategui. Indoeuropaea et Palaeohispanica, Vitoria 2018, 101-126.
Ferrer i Jané 2018b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Le nouveau corpus d’inscriptions ibériques rupestres de la Cerdagne (4): nouveautés de 2017”, Sources: Les Cahiers de l’Âne Rouge 6, 2018, 15-31.
Ferrer i Jané 2019a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Construint el panteó ibèric amb l’ajut de les inscripcions ibèriques rupestres”, Ker 13, 2019, 42-57.
Ferrer i Jané 2019b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “A la recerca del trial: Les variants supercomplexes de les escriptures paleohispàniques”, PalHisp 19, 2019, 27-53.
Ferrer i Jané 2020: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Las escrituras epicóricas de la Península Ibérica”, PalHisp 20, 2020, 969-1016.
Ferrer i Jané e.p. a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “L’abecedari no dual de L’Esquirol: Novetats d’epigrafia ibèrica rupestre ausetana”, Revista d’Arqueologia de Ponent.
Ferrer i Jané, e.p. b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “La escritura turdetana en el contexto de las escrituras paleohispánicas”, M. Ramírez y N. Moncunill (eds.), Learning scripts, forgetting scripts. New approaches to the history of writing in the Roman West.
Ferrer i Jané y Moncunill 2019: J. Ferrer i Jané y N. Moncunill, “Palaeohispanic writing systems: classification, origin and development”, en: J. Velaza, A. G. Sinner (eds.), Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford 2019, 78-108.
Ferrer i Jané et al. e.p.: J. Ferrer i Jané, N. Moncunill, V. Sabaté y J. Velaza, “El plomo ibérico de la Fundació CIRNE (Museu de Xàbia, Alicante): un nuevo texto en escritura nororiental dual”, AEArq, e.p.
Faria 2015:, A. M. de Faria, “Crónica de onomástica paleo-hispânica (22)”, Revista Por-tuguesa de Arqueologia 18, 2015, 125–146.
Gómez Moreno 1945: M. Gómez Moreno, “Digresiones ibéricas: escritura, lengua”, Boletín de la Real Academia Española 24, 1945, 275-288.
de Hoz 1985: J. de Hoz, “El nuevo plomo inscrito de Castell y el problema de las oposiciones de sonoridad en ibérico”, en: J. L. Melena (ed.), Symbolae Ludouico Mitxelena septuagenario oblatae, Vitoria 1985, 443-453.
de Hoz 1986: J. de Hoz, “La epigrafía celtibérica”, Reunión sobre Epigrafía Hispánica de época romano-republicana - Actas, Zaragoza 1986, 41-102.
de Hoz 2005a: J. de Hoz, “La recepción de la escritura en Hispania como fenómeno orientalizante”, Anejos de AEspA 35, 2005, 363-380.
de Hoz, J., 2005b, “La lengua y la escritura”, en Celtíberos. Tras la estela de Numancia, Soria 2005, 417-426.
de Hoz 2017: J. de Hoz, “La cuestión de la hipotética escritura dual en celtibérico”, Ratna 1, 2017, 87-92.
Jordán 2005: C. Jordán, “¿Sistema dual de escritura en celtibérico?”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 1013-1030.
Jordán 2007: C. Jordán, “Estudios sobre el Sistema Dual de Escritura en Epigrafia no Monetal Celtibérica”, PalHisp 7, 2007, 101-142.
Jordán 2017: C. Jordán, “Sistema dual y redundante en celtibérico”, PalHisp 17, 2017, 315-327.
Jordán 2019: C. Jordán, Lengua y Epigrafía celtibéricas. Monografías de Filología griega 29, Zaragoza 2019.
Maluquer 1968: J. Maluquer de Motes, Epigrafía prelatina de la península ibérica, Barcelona 1968.
MLH II: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum, II Die Inschriften in iberischer Schrift aus Südfrankreich, Wiesbaden 1980.
MLH III: Untermann 1990: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum, III Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien, Wiesbaden 1990.
MLH IV: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum IV Die Tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden 1997.
Prósper 2013: B. Prósper, “Time for Celtiberian dialectology: Celtiberian syllabic structure and the interpretation of the bronze tablet from Torrijo del Campo, Teruel (Spain)”, Keltische Forschungen 6, 2013, 115-155.
Quintanilla 1993: A. Quintanilla, “Sobre la notación en la escritura ibérica del modo de articulación de las consonantes oclusivas”, Studia Palaeohispanica et Indogermánica J. Untermann ab Amicis Hispanicis Oblata, 1993, 239-250.
Rodríguez Ramos 1997: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Sobre el origen de la escritura celtibérica”, Kalathos 16, 1997, 189-197.
Rodríguez Ramos 2001: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “La cultura ibérica desde la perspectiva de la epigrafía: un ensayo de síntesis”, Iberia 4, 2001, 17-38.
Rodríguez Ramos 2001-2002: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Okelakom, Sekeida, Bolsken”, Kala-thos 20-21, 2001-2002, 429-434.
Rodríguez Ramos 2004: J. Rodríguez Ramos, Análisis de Epigrafía Ibera, Anejos de Veleia, Series Minor 22, Vitoria 2004.
Rodríguez Ramos 2018: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Estudio de fenómenos consonánticos de la lengua ibera”, Veleia 35, 2018, 1-24.
Rodríguez Ramos 2020: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Sobre la identificación de dioses íberos en las inscripciones”. Gerión, 38(1), 2020, 259-284.
Simón 2013: I. Simón, Los soportes de le epigrafia paleohispánica. Inscripciones sobre piedra, bronce y Cerámica, Zaragoza 2013.
Simón 2013-2014: I. Simón, “El origen de la escritura en la Celtiberia: estado de la cuestión”, Salduie 13-14, 2013-2014, 271-282.
Simón 2014: I. Simón, “Inscripciones celtibéricas en alfabeto latino”, en F. Burillo (ed.), VII Simposio sobre los celtíberos. Nuevos hallazgos. Nuevas interpretaciones, Teruel 2014, 493-500.
Simón 2018: I. Simón, “El primer horizonte epigráfico de Clunia: promoción jurídica, latini¬zación y memoria”, Epigraphica 80, 2018, 9-43.
Simón y Gorrochategui 2018: I. Simón y J. Gorrochategui, “Estela con iconografía e inscripción celtibéricas procedente de Clunia”, Archivo Español de Arqueología 91, 2018, 55-66.
Untermann 1995: J. Untermann, “Epigrafía indígena y romanización en la Celtiberia”, en: F. Beltrán, (ed.), Roma y el nacimiento de la cultura epigráfica en Occidente, Zaragoza: Institución «Fernando el Católico», 1995, 197-208.
Velaza 1999: J. Velaza, “Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica”, en: F. Villar y F. Beltrán (eds.), Pueblos, Lenguas y Escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana. Actas del VII Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de marzo de 1997), Salamanca 1999, 663-683.
Velaza 2006: J. Velaza, “Chronica epigraphica Iberica VII (2004-2005)”, PalHisp 6, 2006, 303-327.
Velaza e.p.: J. Velaza, “Inscripción celtibérica sobre falera procedente de Armuña de Tajuña (GU)”, e.p.
Villar 1993: F. Villar “Las silbantes en celtibérico”, en: J. Untermann y F. Villar Lengua y cultura en la Hispania Prerromana, en: J. Untermann y F. Villar (eds.), Lengua y cultura en la Hispania prerromana. Actas del V Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (Colonia, 25-28 de noviembre de 1989), Salamanca 1993, 773-818.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Professional standards and ethical policies
a) Palaeohispanica’s editorial board
Details concerning the journal’s internal organization can be found at this website.
b) Authors’ responsibilities
As an implicit condition for publishing in Palaeohispanica, authors are expected to adhere to all the ethical and professional principles that are shared across all research fields and academic publications. By submitting a contribution for peer review, potential authors guarantee that their work is original, that it constitutes a significant contribution to its research field and has not been published elsewhere.
All submitted manuscripts ought to contain bibliographic references at the end of the paper as well as an indication of how the research that culminated in the article was funded.
Likewise, authors must agree to incorporate any relevant changes that peer reviewers suggest as well as to include any recommendations that the editorial committee includes in the manuscript’s proofs at the end of the editorial process.
The journal expects its authors, reviewers, editors and staff members to all conduct themselves professionally by treating others with respect and civility. Should any sort of untoward situation arise, such as (self) plagiarism, conflicts of interest or aggressive behaviour on the author’s part, the following actions will be taken:
- Plagiarism and the republication of articles
Plagiarism is defined as the reproduction of a text or other materials found in different publications without the original source being adequately cited. Accordingly, material can still be plagiarized even when it has been tweaked or paraphrased. Plagiarism constitutes a serious ethical violation; furthermore, there can be legal ramifications for violating an author’s rights in cases where the reproduced material has been previously published. Authors who want to cite published work must do so by including complete references to the original materials and by including any quotations within quotation marks. Graphs and images can only be reproduced with the express permission of the original author and must include a citation below said image or graphic according to the rules laid out on the journal’s website. If a peer reviewer or the editorial board detects any instance of plagiarism (whether of one’s own or another’s work), the manuscript will automatically be disqualified.
- Conflicts of interest
In most instances an individual who works at the same institution as an author or one of the co-authors is automatically barred from evaluating a potential contribution. The journal’s editors must always be aware of possible conflicts of interest and are required to recuse themselves from any decision-making process, whenever there is even the appearance of a possible conflict of interest.
c) The peer-review process
Palaeohispanica employs peers to evaluate externally all contributions, with this being understood as obtaining the opinion of an established expert over the merits of every potential contribution. In addition to completing the relevant form, reviewers are expected to suggest any pertinent bibliography that was not included in the original version of the manuscript.
Furthermore, the peer-review process is double blind, meaning that both authors’ anonymity as well as the reviewers’ impartiality and independence are guaranteed. Reader reviews will be treated with the utmost confidentiality. As is the case with all respectable research journals, the editors of Palaeohispanicawill not share with a third party the identity of a peer reviewer, the contents of his or her review or any correspondence resulting from the review process. Likewise, reviewers are required to adhere to the same strict standard of confidentiality: neither manuscripts nor the contents of any correspondence between an author and the editors can be shared with a third party without the written and express consent of the journal’s editors.
While strictly speaking authors are not held to the same standards (they can, for instance, solicit advice from co-authors and colleagues as they revise and amend a manuscript in accordance with the recommendations found in a reviewer’s report), the public airing of a reviewer’s report or of the correspondence with the editorial team constitutes untoward behavior. Any author who acts in such a way will automatically forfeit his or her right to the journal’s confidentiality.
- Aggressive behaviour
Should the editorial committee be made aware of any untoward behaviour on the author’s part towards external reviewers, other authors or the journal’s editors/staff, that author’s submission will immediately be withdrawn from the consideration process.
All participants in the publication process, including editors, authors, peer reviewers, and member’s of the journal’s staff are expected to meet basic standards of professional courtesy and to respect the fundamental rules and guidelines concerning the peer-review and publication processes. Under any circumstance, personal attacks and verbal assault (whether expressed orally or through writing) are completely unacceptable. Accordingly, the journal reserves the right to reject the contribution of any author who repeatedly violates these principles or refuses to cooperate with the editors and reviewers during the normal evaluation and publication processes.
d) Editorial ethics
The editorial team at Palaeohispanica will bring an end to any dishonest research practice by submitting every proposal to a careful review process that will begin before the selection of possible peer reviewers. Should anything questionable be detected, an author will be asked to provide relevant explanations and then be told to review his/her text so as to meet the journal’s quality standards. If an author does not make the requested changes, the manuscript will not be submitted for double-blind peer review and, accordingly, will not be published. The editorial board is always available to discuss and debate with authors any misunderstanding that could have given rise to such a situation.
e) Copyright and journal access
Journal content falls under the protection of licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA. Access the all journal content is open and free of charge.
f) Journal archive
Given that the Institución Fernando el Católico is an established and important publishing house, it is extremely unlikely that access to the journal’s contents could be compromised in anyway within the foreseeable future. The contents of Palaeohispanica will be stored in IFC’s servers even if the journal ceases to be published.
g) Ownership and management of the journal
The journal Palaeohispanica is edited and run by the institution «Fernando el Católico», an independent entity of the Excelentísima Diputación de Zaragoza.
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
Privacy policy
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portabilityby contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
The IFC’s privacy and data protection policy can be consulted at https://tiendaifc.dpz.es/Sites/dpz/paginasPersonalizadas/Modelo2/inicio.aspx. It can also be found in the journal’s the top navigation menu: http://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/dpd
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
